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再活一次?─論臺灣現有人體器官保存法規範與反思

據英國媒體BBC報導,一名英國少女罹患絕症,希望在其死後能藉由人體冷凍保存技術保存遺體,以求在醫療與科技進步的將來能起死回生。然而她離異之雙親對於是否冷凍其遺體有不同看法,因此少女訴諸法律行動,希望法院能裁決將遺體處置權交由其母。英國高等法院日前做出裁決將少女遺體處置權交由其母,在少女過世後其遺體被送往美國冷凍機構保存。法官Peter Jackson指出,這是科學新技術給予法律人的新議題,並建議相關部門應考慮制定相關法律條款。
本案牽涉範圍頗廣,任何科技都強調創新,創新必然會有所突破,突破即非墨守成規得以解決。觀諸臺灣法院實務,雖尚未出現類似案例,惟臺灣乃以生物科技作為發展重點之國家,對於人體器官保存技術日新月異,立法及司法允宜跟得上時代。臺灣法律針對人體器官、組織、細胞等之保存已有一系列相應規範,規範器官保存主要可見「人體器官保存庫管理辦法」,根據辦法第2條規定其範圍包含人體器官(含人體組織、細胞)及其衍生物之處理或保存。惟「人體器官保存庫管理辦法」乃人體器官移植條例之授權辦法,亦即本辦法目前僅適用於移植用人體器官(含人體組織、細胞)及其衍生物。
至於非移植用之人體器官(含人體組織、細胞)及其衍生物之處理或保存,依衛福部公告之「不適用人體器官保存庫管理辦法之人體器官、組織及細胞儲(寄)存機構注意事項」,雖不適用人體器官保存庫管理規範,其契約應參照「臍帶血保存定型化契約範本」意旨訂定,並應依科學實證建立品質保證指標,然其意義及規範並不明確,已不足以因應生物科技突破創新的迅速發展。
綜上,對於生物科技發展之新趨勢,規範科技技術上之法令,臺灣雖已有若干規定,惟隨著技術更新突破,可能涉及之法律議題勢必更加繁複。如上述英國少女案例,已不僅止於人體器官、組織或細胞之儲存,而是將人體冷凍儲存以待日後復生,其中涉及不再僅只生物科技技術規範,更牽涉倫理議題,以及衍生的各種基本法律定義,如死亡、生命,權利義務的起迄點,家庭結構等等問題,而這些問題再再影響遺囑、稅務、保險等環繞權利能力存續的法律問題,實值思考。
(有關英國該判決內容,請見本網站案例簡介)